The innate immune stimulant Amplimune (R) is safe to administer to young feedlot cattle

Background Infectious disease has a significant impact on livestock production. Availability of alternatives to antibiotics to prevent and treat disease is required to reduce reliance on antibiotics while not impacting animal welfare. Innate immune stimulants, such as mycobacterium cell wall fractions (MCWF), are used as alternatives to antibiotics for the treatment and prevention of infectious disease in a number of species including cattle, horses and dogs. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of Amplimune (R), an MCWF-based immune stimulant, for weaner Angus cattle. Methods On day -1 and 0, sixty mixed-sex Angus weaner cattle were transported for 6 h before being inducted and housed in a large single pen, simulating feedlot induction conditions. The cattle were assigned to one of six treatment groups (n = 10 per group): 2 mL Amplimune intramuscularly (2IM); 2 mL Amplimune subcutaneously (2SC); 5 mL Amplimune intramuscularly (5IM); 5 mL Amplimune subcutaneously (5SC); 5 mL saline intramuscularly (SalIM) and 5 mL saline subcutaneously (SalSC) on day 0 following transportation. Body temperature, body weight, concentrations of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-12) and haematology parameters were measured at various times up to 96 h post-treatment. Results No adverse effects from Amplimune treatment were observed. Amplimune induced an increase in circulating cytokine TNF alpha concentrations, total white blood cell count and lymphocyte counts indicative of activation of the innate immune system without causing an excessive inflammatory response. Conclusions Results confirm that Amplimune can be safely administered to beef cattle at the dose rates and via the routes of administration investigated here.