Neurological complications in Egyptian children with nephrotic syndrome

Aim This study aimed at describing the incidence, risk factors and outcomes for neurological manifestations in Egyptian children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and determining correctable factors that could lower the risk for these complications. Methods The medical records of all children with NS who presented to Nephrology clinic, Ain Shams University Children hospital (a tertiary hospital) from April 2018 to April 2020 were reviewed retrospectively for the clinical progression of NS with special emphasis on neurological manifestations, contributory risk factors and outcomes. Results Among 67 children with NS, 13 children had neurological events. Seven patients had posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), four patients suffered from cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) and two patients presented with arterial strokes. Hypertension was significantly higher in patients with NS and neurological manifestations (NS/N+) when compared to patients with NS without neurological manifestations (NS/N-) (76.9% vs. 40.7%; P = 0.019). NS/N+ group had significantly higher levels of triglycerides and cholesterol (209.7 +/- 41.4 and 323.6 +/- 40.7 in NS/N+ vs. 181.96 +/- 31.8 and 243.8 +/- 38.8 in NS/N-). Prothrombotic tendency was significantly higher in NS/N+ group as compared to NS/N- group. All patients recovered totally except patients with arterial strokes who had residual hemiparesis. Conclusion Neurological complications in form of PRES, CSVT and arterial strokes were detected in children with NS. The outcome was favourable in most of the cases. Investment in parental education about the importance of follow up of blood pressure, dietary modification and good hydration could help in minimising the risk of patients with NS to develop neurological complications.