Synergistic toxicity to the toxigenic Microcystis and enhanced microcystin release exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures

With the continued influx and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in eutrophic waters, the effects of PAHs on cyanobacteria bloom need to be clarified. PAHs usually existed as mixtures in aquatic environments, but the combined toxicity of PAH mixtures to toxigenic cyanobacteria remained unknown. This study investigated the effects of phenanthrene (Phe) and benzo [a]pyrene (BaP), alone or in combination, on the growth and physiology of Microcystis aeruginosa. The results showed that a hormesis effect on growth at low doses of the single Phe (< 1 mg/L) or PAH mixtures (< 0.279 mg/L) was observed, whereas the single BaP induced significant growth inhibitions at all concentrations (<= 0.2 mg/L). The median effective concentrations (96 h) for Phe, BaP and their mixtures were 4.29, 1.29 and 1.07 mg/L, respectively. Mixture toxicity models showed that Phe and BaP elicited a synergistic interaction on M. aeruginosa. The synergy may be ascribed to the excessive oxidative stress induced by PAH mixtures, which further led to membrane structure damages, photosynthesis inhibitions and decreased metabolic activity. Moreover, the microcystins (MCs) release significantly increased by 25.3% and 31.9% upon exposure to 0.558 and 1.116 mg/L of PAH mixtures. In all, this study suggested that the enhanced release of MCs by PAH mixtures might exacerbate potential risks to the aquatic environment.