Assessment of humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS CoV-2 vaccination (BNT162b2) in immunocompromised renal allograft recipients

Background Assessing the composition of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is critical for our understanding of protective immunity, especially for immune compromised patients. The Pfizer (BNT162b2) vaccination showed >90% efficacy in protecting individuals from infection. However, these studies did not examine responses in immunocompromised kidney transplant patients (KT). Subsequent reports in KT have shown severe deficiencies in Spike-specific immunoglobin G (IgG) responses prompting booster vaccinations, but a broader understanding of T-cell immunity to vaccinating is lacking. Methods We examined SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG and CD4+/CD8+ Spike-specific T-cell responses in 61 KT patients maintained on different immunosuppressive protocols (ISP) (Tac + mycophenolate mofetil + prednisone) versus (belatacept + MMF + prednisone) and compared to 41 healthy controls. We also examined cytomegalovirus-cytotoxic T-cell responses (CMV-Tc) in both groups to assess T-cell memory. Results Our data confirmed poor Spike IgG responses in vaccinated KT patients with both ISP (21% demonstrating Spike IgG 1M post-second dose of BNT162b2 vs. 93% in controls). However, 35% of Spike IgG (-) patients demonstrated CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses. All but one CMV-IgG+ patient demonstrated good CMV-Tc responses. No differences in T-cell immunity by ISP were seen. Conclusion Immunocompromised KT recipients showed severe defects in humoral and T-cell immune response after vaccination. No differences in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 Spike peptides were observed in KT patients by ISP post-vaccination. The detection of Spike-specific T-cell immunity in the absence of Spike IgG suggests that vaccination in immunocompromised KT patients may provide partial immunity, although not preventing infection, T-cell immunity may limit its severity.