Inflammation in chronic kidney disease: sources, consequences and anti-inflammatory therapy.

The role of various factors contributing to the development of systemic persistent low-grade inflammation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered. It is reported that inflammation in patients with CKD is directly correlated with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and culminates in the terminal stage of renal failure, where extracorporeal factors such as dialysate contaminants, dialysate microbiological quality and the biocompatibility of factors in the dialysis chain play an additional role. The effectiveness of therapeutic interventions aimed at correcting inflammation in patients with CKD is discussed. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the effects of these interventions on hard outcomes, as well as to better understand the role of inflammation in selected CKD populations, particularly in children.