ADHD in adults

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by pervasive or impairing levels of inattention or hyperactivity. It is most comprehensively defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) criteria, which recognizes its clinical heterogeneity by grouping it according to three presentations: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive–impulsive, and combined subtypes. However, ADHD presentations can change significantly over time, most often presenting predominantly as hyperactive–impulsive in infants, with combined symptoms for children, and predominantly inattentive in the case of adults. This chapter focuses on the presentation of ADHD in adults, discussing the detrimental effects its various presentations can have on economic, educational, and social outcomes, before examining the systemic limitations of its recognition and treatment in certain countries. Finally, management and treatment methods are explored, for instance the administering of dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors such as methylphenidate and atomoxetine, respectively, and the lack of data on their effectiveness in tackling ADHD comorbidities such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.