Sex differences in QRS fragmentation and early repolarization pattern

Fragmented QRS and inferolateral early repolarization pattern manifested as end-QRS notching or slurring in standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) have been associated with adverse outcome in several studies spanning different patient populations. Previous studies have explored the sex-related differences of these two ECG markers, in terms of their prevalence and prognostic value, to some extent. However, the current literature is sparse and partly conflicting results have emerged. In this section, we go through the definition and measurement of these two markers as well as the sex differences related to their prevalence and prognostic value, as they are known in the current literature.