Emerging extraction techniques: Hydrothermal processing

The idea of a biorefinery that incorporates techniques and procedures for biomass conversion requires effective use of all parts. In the last decade, there has been growing interest in the field of processing algal biomass in hydrothermal processing. Recently, hydrothermal processing of macroalgae is gaining broad attention. Hydrothermal processing is a clean technology that converts algal biomass into value-added chemicals and bioenergy. In this process, water is used for extraction, structural material alteration, and hydrolysis at elevated temperature and pressures. Therefore, this chapter focuses on hydrothermal processing techniques such as hydrothermal liquefaction, hydrothermal gasification, and hydrothermal carbonization.