Anti-angiogenesis Therapy in Cancer Treatment

Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Unlike conventional chemotherapy, anti-angiogenesis drugs inhibit the formation of new blood vessels, reduce the nutrition and oxygen supply to the tumour, thus halting disease progression. In the last fifteen years, Food and Drug Administration of the United States has approved more than ten anti-cancer drugs of this group, namely the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab and small molecules drugs such as temsirolimus, sunitinib, axitinib and sorafenib. Other anti-angiogenesis agents are currently undergoing clinical trials. In addition to treating cancer, these agents have also potential applications in the treatment of complications related to angiogenesis in diabetes, arthritis, psoriasis and collagen-related diseases. Keywords Anti-angiogenesis, angiogenesis, cancer, metastasis, treatment. References [1] International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, International agency for research on cancer – world health organization. https://www.iarc.fr/featured-news/latest-global-cancer-data-cancer-burden-rises-to-18-1-million-new-cases-and-9-6-million-cancer-deaths-in-2018 (accessed 19 February 2019).[2] International Agency for Research on Cancer France, Cancer today - International agency for research on cancer – world health organization. https://gco.iarc.fr(accessed 19 February 2019).[3] D.W. Siemann, M.C. Bibby, G.G. Dark, A.P. Dicker, FALM. Eskens, et al. Differentiation and Definition of Vascular-Targeted Therapies. Clinical Cancer Research. 11(2) (2005) 416–420.[4] J. Folkman, Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications, The New England Journal of Medicine. 285(21) (1971) 1182-1186.[5] D. Hanahan, J. Folkman. Patterns of emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell. 86(3) (1996) 353–64.[6] G. Gasparini. The rationale and future potential of angiogenesis inhibitors in neoplasia. Drugs. 58(1) (1999) 17-38.[7] J. Folkman, E. Braunwald, A.S. Fauci, D.L. Kasper, S.L. Hauser, D.L. Longo, J.L. Jameson, editors. Angiogenesis. Harrison’s textbook of internal medicine. fifteen ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001. pp. 517–530.[8] J. Folkman. Angiogenesis research: From Laboratory to clinic. Forum Genova. 9(3) (1999) 59–62.[9] S. Liekens, E. De Clercq, J. Neyts. Angiogenesis: Regulators and clinical applications. Biochemical Pharmacology. 61(3) (2001) 253–270.[10] L. Rosen. Clinical experience with angiogenesis signaling inhibitors: Focus on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) blockers, Cancer Control. 9(2) (2002) 36-44.[11] A.L. Harris. Angiogenesis as a new target for cancer control. European Journal of Cancer Supplements. 1(2) (2003) 1-12.[12] D.W. Siemann. Vascular Targeting Agents. horizons in cancer therapeutics from bench to bedside. 3(2) (2002) 4–15.[13] B.G. Wouters, S.A. Weppler, M. Koritzinsky, W. Landuyt, S. Nuyts, et al. Hypoxia as a target for combined modality treatments, European Journal of Cancer. 38(2) (2002) 240–257.[14] P. Carmeliet, R.K. Jain. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature. 407(6801) (2000) 249-257.[15] J.W. Rak, B.D. St. Croix, R.S. Kerbel. Consequences of angiogenesis for tumor progression, metastasis and cancer therapy. Anticancer Drugs. 6(1) (1995) 3–18.[16] J. Hamada, P.G. Cavanaugh, O. Lotan, G.L. Nicolson. Separable growth and migration factors for large-cell lymphoma cells secreted by microvascular endothelial cells derived from target organs for metastasis. British Journal of Cancer. 66(2) (1992) 349-54.[17] J. Denekamp. Vascular attack as a therapeutic strategy for cancer. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 9(3) (1990) 267–282.[18] J. Denekamp. Angiogenesis, neovascular proliferation and vascular pathophysiology as targets for cancer therapy. The British Institute of Radiology. 66(783) (1993) 181–186.[19] H.P. Eikesdal, H. Sugimoto, G. Birrane, Y. Maeshima, V.G. Cooke, et al. Identification of amino acids essential for the antiangiogenic activity of tumstatin and its use in combination antitumor activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105(39) (2008) 15040–15045.[20] F. Ciardiello, R. Caputo, R. Bianco, V. Damiano, G. Fontanini, et al. Inhibition of growth factor production and angiogenesis in human cancer cells by ZD1839 (Iressa),a selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Clinical Cancer Research. 7(5) (2001) 1459–1465.[21] T. Kamba, D.M. McDonald. Mechanisms of adverse effects of anti-VEGF therapy for cancer. British Journal of Cancer. 96(12) (2007) 1788–1795.[22] S.M. Gressett, S.R. Shah. Intricacies of bevacizumab-induced toxicities and their management. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 43(3) (2009) 490–501[23] S. Goel, D.G. Duda, L. Xu, L.L. Munn, Y. Boucher, et al. Normalization of the vasculature for treatment of cancer and other diseases. Physiological Reviews. 91(3) (2011) 1071–1121.[24] T. Sudha, D.J. Bharali, M. Yalcin, N.H. Darwish, M.D. Coskun, et al. Targeted delivery of paclitaxel and doxorubicin to cancer xenografts via the nanoparticle of nano-diamino-tetrac. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 12(3) (2017) 1305–1315.[25] T. Sudha, D.J. Bharali, M. Yalcin, N.H. Darwish, M.D. Coskun, et al. Targeted delivery of cisplatin to tumor xenografts via the nanoparticle component of nano-diamino-tetrac. Nanomedicine. 12(3) (2017) 195–205.[26] M.Rajabi, S.A. Mousa. The Role of Angiogenesis in Cancer Treatment. Biomedicines. 5(2) (2017) 34-45.[27] J.Y. Hsu, H.A. Wakelee. Monoclonal antibodies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor: Current status and future challenges in cancer therapy. BioDrugs. 23(5) (2009) 289–304.[28] M. Zhou, P. Yu, X. Qu, Y. Liu, J. Zhang. Phase III trials of standard chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for ovarian cancer: A meta-analysis, Plos One. 8(12) (2013) e81858.[29] D.H. Johnson, L. Fehrenbacher, W.F. Novotny, R.S. Herbst, J.J. Nemunaitis, et al. Randomized phase II trial comparing bevacizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with carboplatin and paclitaxel alone in previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 22(11) (2004) 2184–2191.[30] B.J. Giantonio, D.E. Levy, P.J. O’Dwyer, N.J. Meropol, P.J. Catalano, et al. A phase II study of high-dose bevacizumab in combination with irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, as initial therapy for advanced colorectal cancer: Results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study E2200, Annals of Oncology. 17(9) (2006) 1399–1403.