Embryonic Stem Cells and the Influence of the Microenvironment

Embryonic (ESC) or induced pluripotent (iPSC) stem cells have emerged as alternative cell sources to replace damaged cells resulting from injury or disease. These pluripotent stem cells can be expanded in culture and specialized to become different cell types, making them ideal candidates for regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we provide a brief historical overview of the derivation of pluripotent stem cell lines. Additionally, we review the current progress and hurdles for controlling ESC fate. Finally, we focus on approaches to create proper cell culture microenvironments to direct ESC differentiation.