Structural and biochemical characterization of the relaxosome auxiliary proteins encoded on the Bacillus subtilis plasmid pLS20

Bacterial conjugation is an important route for horizontal gene transfer. The initial step in this process involves a macromolecular protein-DNA complex called the relaxosome, which in plasmids consists of the origin of transfer (oriT) and several proteins that prepare the transfer. The relaxosome protein named relaxase introduces a nick in one of the strands of the oriT to initiate the process. Additional relaxosome proteins can exist. Recently, several relaxosome proteins encoded on the Bacillus subtilis plasmid pLS20 were identified, including the relaxase, named Rel(pLS20), and two auxiliary DNA-binding factors, named Aux1(pLS20) and Aux2(pLS20). Here, we extend this characterization in order to define their function. We present the low-resolution SAXS envelope of the Aux1(pLS20) and the atomic X-ray structure of the C-terminal domain of Aux2(pLS20). We also study the interactions between the auxiliary proteins and the full-length Rel(pLS20), as well as its separate domains. The results show that the quaternary structure of the auxiliary protein Aux1(pLS20) involves a tetramer, as previously determined. The crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of Aux2(pLS20) shows that it forms a tetramer and suggests that it is an analog of TraM(pF) of plasmid F. This is the first evidence of the existence of a TraM(pF) analog in gram positive conjugative systems, although, unlike other TraM(pF) analogs, Aux2(pLS20) does not interact with the relaxase. Aux1(pLS20) interacts with the C-terminal domain, but not the N-terminal domain, of the relaxase Rel(pLS20). Thus, the pLS20 relaxosome exhibits some unique features despite the apparent similarity to some well-studied G-conjugation systems. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Research Network of Computational and Structural Biotechnology.