Prognostic and predictive values of human enhancer of filamentation1 (HEF-1) and Sparc/osteonectin, cwcv, and kazallike domains proteoglycan 1 (SPOCK1), in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder; an immunohistochemical study

Background: Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder forms about ninety percent of all bladder cancer cases. There is a need to discover novel management strategies for such cancer as it has high incidence, high invasion and metastasizing rates. Human enhancer of filamentation1 (HEF-1) that is a cytoskeletal protein is an important signaling mediator of plethora of normal cellular events. Sparc-osteonectin; cwcv & kazallike; domains- proteoglycan 1 (SPOCK1), have many roles in normal cell cycle control, DNA repair and apoptosis. Aim of the work: to detect expression of HEF-1 & SPOCK-1 in TCC using immunohistochemistry, then correlate combined expression of markers with pathological, clinical and prognostic parameters of patients with this cancer type. Methods: we detected HEF-1 & SPOCK-1 expression in sections from 40 paraffin blocks from forty TCC patients using immunohistochemistry. Then we have correlated combined expression of markers with pathological, clinical and prognostic parameters of patients with this cancer type. Results: The expression of HEF-1 in TCC was signifi¬cantly positively associated with lower degree of differentiation and stage of the cancer (p