Entropy Production in the Expanding Universe

The spacetime is basically curved and dynamical. Thus our knowledge of universe must be extended to a dynamical curved spacetime to understand the nature of the universe. The field theory in the curved spacetime has shown that the evolution of spacetime involving the field in the curved spacetime leads to particle creation. From another perspective, by employing thermodynamics to cosmology, we can learn about the source of current entropy content associated with the universe. From the quantum thermodynamics, it is clear that the inner friction stemming from the quantum fluctuations of the field can produce the entropy. Using this approach, the particle creation due to the expansion of spacetime beginning from the vacuum is shown as an entropic increase. Considering an asymptotically flat Robertson-Walker spacetime, the particle creation entropy is evaluated. Each special scale factor can be used to characterize the cosmic parameters. Thus, the dependence of particle creation entropy on the field parameters and the cosmic parameters allows us to recover information from the underlying structure of the spacetime. Also, by adding an entropy production, indicating the mutual information between created particle and spacetime, to this particle creation entropy, the well-known entanglement measure can obtained to investigate the entanglement of created particles. In fact, the entanglement entropy, measuring the mixedness of the primary state, is affected from the creation and the correlation of the particle.