RETRACTED ARTICLE: Sorcin Predicts Poor Prognosis and Promotes Metastasis by Facilitating Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Metastasis-associated recurrence is the main cause for the poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying HCC metastasis remain elusive. Though some data indicated the oncogenic role of Sorcin in tumors, the prognostic value and biological role of Sorcin in HCC is still unknown. In this study, it demonstrated that Sorcin expression levels were significantly upregulated in HCC tumor tissues compared with matched adjacent nontumorous liver tissues and normal liver tissues, and such expression level correlated with HCC metastasis. High Sorcin expression was significantly correlated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics such as multiple tumor nodules, high Edmondson-Steiner grade, microvascular invasion, advanced TNM stage and advanced BCLC stage (all P < 0.05). HCC patients with high Sorcin expression had both shorter survival and higher recurrence than those with low Sorcin expression (all P < 0.05). Sorcin expression was an independent and significant risk factor for survival and recurrence of HCC patients. Results of functional experiments showed that Sorcin could promote HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro , and facilitate HCC growth and metastasis in vivo . Mechanistically, Sorcin exerted its role by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and promoted metastasis by facilitating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC.