Cardiomyocyte Regeneration

HomeCirculationVol. 136, No. 7Cardiomyocyte Regeneration Free AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissionsDownload Articles + Supplements ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toSupplemental MaterialFree AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBCardiomyocyte RegenerationA Consensus Statement Thomas Eschenhagen, MD, Roberto Bolli, MD, Thomas Braun, MD, Loren J. Field, PhD, Bernd K. Fleischmann, MD, Jonas Frisén, MD, PhD, Mauro Giacca, MD, PhD, Joshua M. Hare, MD, Steven Houser, PhD, Richard T. Lee, MD, Eduardo Marbán, MD, James F. Martin, MD, PhD, Jeffery D. Molkentin, PhD, Charles E. Murry, MD, PhD, Paul R. Riley, PhD, Pilar Ruiz-Lozano, PhD, Hesham A. Sadek, MD, PhD, Mark A. Sussman, PhD and Joseph A. Hill, MD, PhD Thomas EschenhagenThomas Eschenhagen From Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.) and partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (R.B.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen, Germany (T.B.); German Center for Lung Research (DZHL), Giessen/Marburg Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.F.); Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (B.K.F.); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.); International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy (M.G.); Donald Soffer Endowed Program in Regenerative Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (J.M.H.); Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.M.H.); Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.H.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); Cedars–Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (E.M.); Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.F.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering, and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle (C.E.M.); University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, United Kingdom (P.R.R.) Regencor, Inc, Los Altos, CA (P.R.-L.); Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (H.A.S., J.A.H.); and Heart Institute, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, and Biology Department, San Diego State University, CA (M.S.A.). *Drs Eschenhagen, Houser, Sadek, and Hill served in the role of discussion moderator. Search for more papers by this author , Roberto BolliRoberto Bolli From Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.) and partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (R.B.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen, Germany (T.B.); German Center for Lung Research (DZHL), Giessen/Marburg Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.F.); Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (B.K.F.); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.); International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy (M.G.); Donald Soffer Endowed Program in Regenerative Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (J.M.H.); Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.M.H.); Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.H.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); Cedars–Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (E.M.); Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.F.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering, and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle (C.E.M.); University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, United Kingdom (P.R.R.) Regencor, Inc, Los Altos, CA (P.R.-L.); Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (H.A.S., J.A.H.); and Heart Institute, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, and Biology Department, San Diego State University, CA (M.S.A.). Search for more papers by this author , Thomas BraunThomas Braun From Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.) and partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (R.B.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen, Germany (T.B.); German Center for Lung Research (DZHL), Giessen/Marburg Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.F.); Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (B.K.F.); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.); International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy (M.G.); Donald Soffer Endowed Program in Regenerative Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (J.M.H.); Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.M.H.); Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.H.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); Cedars–Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (E.M.); Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.F.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering, and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle (C.E.M.); University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, United Kingdom (P.R.R.) Regencor, Inc, Los Altos, CA (P.R.-L.); Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (H.A.S., J.A.H.); and Heart Institute, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, and Biology Department, San Diego State University, CA (M.S.A.). Search for more papers by this author , Loren J. FieldLoren J. Field From Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.) and partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (R.B.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen, Germany (T.B.); German Center for Lung Research (DZHL), Giessen/Marburg Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.F.); Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (B.K.F.); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.); International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy (M.G.); Donald Soffer Endowed Program in Regenerative Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (J.M.H.); Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.M.H.); Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.H.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); Cedars–Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (E.M.); Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.F.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering, and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle (C.E.M.); University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, United Kingdom (P.R.R.) Regencor, Inc, Los Altos, CA (P.R.-L.); Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (H.A.S., J.A.H.); and Heart Institute, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, and Biology Department, San Diego State University, CA (M.S.A.). Search for more papers by this author , Bernd K. FleischmannBernd K. Fleischmann From Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.) and partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (R.B.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen, Germany (T.B.); German Center for Lung Research (DZHL), Giessen/Marburg Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.F.); Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (B.K.F.); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.); International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy (M.G.); Donald Soffer Endowed Program in Regenerative Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (J.M.H.); Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.M.H.); Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.H.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); Cedars–Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (E.M.); Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.F.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering, and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle (C.E.M.); University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, United Kingdom (P.R.R.) Regencor, Inc, Los Altos, CA (P.R.-L.); Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (H.A.S., J.A.H.); and Heart Institute, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, and Biology Department, San Diego State University, CA (M.S.A.). Search for more papers by this author , Jonas FrisénJonas Frisén From Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.) and partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (R.B.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen, Germany (T.B.); German Center for Lung Research (DZHL), Giessen/Marburg Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.F.); Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (B.K.F.); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.); International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy (M.G.); Donald Soffer Endowed Program in Regenerative Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (J.M.H.); Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.M.H.); Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.H.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); Cedars–Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (E.M.); Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.F.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering, and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle (C.E.M.); University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, United Kingdom (P.R.R.) Regencor, Inc, Los Altos, CA (P.R.-L.); Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (H.A.S., J.A.H.); and Heart Institute, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, and Biology Department, San Diego State University, CA (M.S.A.). Search for more papers by this author , Mauro GiaccaMauro Giacca From Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.) and partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (R.B.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen, Germany (T.B.); German Center for Lung Research (DZHL), Giessen/Marburg Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.F.); Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (B.K.F.); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.); International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy (M.G.); Donald Soffer Endowed Program in Regenerative Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (J.M.H.); Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.M.H.); Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.H.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); Cedars–Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (E.M.); Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.F.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering, and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle (C.E.M.); University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, United Kingdom (P.R.R.) Regencor, Inc, Los Altos, CA (P.R.-L.); Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (H.A.S., J.A.H.); and Heart Institute, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, and Biology Department, San Diego State University, CA (M.S.A.). Search for more papers by this author , Joshua M. HareJoshua M. Hare From Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.) and partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (R.B.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen, Germany (T.B.); German Center for Lung Research (DZHL), Giessen/Marburg Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.F.); Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (B.K.F.); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.); International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy (M.G.); Donald Soffer Endowed Program in Regenerative Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (J.M.H.); Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.M.H.); Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.H.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); Cedars–Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (E.M.); Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.F.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering, and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle (C.E.M.); University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, United Kingdom (P.R.R.) Regencor, Inc, Los Altos, CA (P.R.-L.); Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (H.A.S., J.A.H.); and Heart Institute, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, and Biology Department, San Diego State University, CA (M.S.A.). Search for more papers by this author , Steven HouserSteven Houser From Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.) and partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (R.B.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen, Germany (T.B.); German Center for Lung Research (DZHL), Giessen/Marburg Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.F.); Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (B.K.F.); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.); International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy (M.G.); Donald Soffer Endowed Program in Regenerative Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (J.M.H.); Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.M.H.); Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.H.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); Cedars–Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (E.M.); Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.F.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering, and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle (C.E.M.); University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, United Kingdom (P.R.R.) Regencor, Inc, Los Altos, CA (P.R.-L.); Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (H.A.S., J.A.H.); and Heart Institute, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, and Biology Department, San Diego State University, CA (M.S.A.). *Drs Eschenhagen, Houser, Sadek, and Hill served in the role of discussion moderator. Search for more papers by this author , Richard T. LeeRichard T. Lee From Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.) and partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (R.B.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen, Germany (T.B.); German Center for Lung Research (DZHL), Giessen/Marburg Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.F.); Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (B.K.F.); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.); International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy (M.G.); Donald Soffer Endowed Program in Regenerative Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (J.M.H.); Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.M.H.); Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.H.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); Cedars–Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (E.M.); Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.F.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering, and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle (C.E.M.); University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, United Kingdom (P.R.R.) Regencor, Inc, Los Altos, CA (P.R.-L.); Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (H.A.S., J.A.H.); and Heart Institute, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, and Biology Department, San Diego State University, CA (M.S.A.). Search for more papers by this author , Eduardo MarbánEduardo Marbán From Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.) and partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (R.B.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen, Germany (T.B.); German Center for Lung Research (DZHL), Giessen/Marburg Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.F.); Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (B.K.F.); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.); International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy (M.G.); Donald Soffer Endowed Program in Regenerative Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (J.M.H.); Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.M.H.); Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.H.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); Cedars–Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (E.M.); Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.F.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering, and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle (C.E.M.); University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, United Kingdom (P.R.R.) Regencor, Inc, Los Altos, CA (P.R.-L.); Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (H.A.S., J.A.H.); and Heart Institute, Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, and Biology Department, San Diego State University, CA (M.S.A.). Search for more papers by this author , James F. MartinJames F. Martin From Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.) and partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (R.B.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen, Germany (T.B.); German Center for Lung Research (DZHL), Giessen/Marburg Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.); Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.F.); Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Germany (B.K.F.); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.); International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy (M.G.); Donald Soffer Endowed Program in Regenerative Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (J.M.H.); Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.M.H.); Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.H.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (R.T.L.); Cedars–Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (E.M.); Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.F.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinn