HIV Infection

This chapter focuses on four common opportunistic infections of the nervous system associated with HIV infection, namely cryptococcal infection, cytomegalovirus infection, progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis, and toxoplasmosis. Essential features of neurobiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic workup, clinical management, and outcome are discussed for each condition. Although combined antiretroviral therapy for HIV has generally reduced the incidence of these complications of HIV infection, they remain important considerations, especially in areas in which antiretrovirals are unavailable or have limited availability.