Cerebral multi-infarct states

Cerebral multi-infarct states (MIS) have a very variable clinical presentation (Table 1). Dementia is often stressed as the primary feature, however, many patients have relative preservation of cognitive abilities and personality, although their mobility may be severely affected, with a small-stepped shuffling gait, poor balance and frequent falls associated with bilateral (often asymmetrical) pyramidal tract signs. Urinary incontinence is common, dysphagia and dysarthria may occur, and some patients develop emotionalism and/or depression. In the later stages, patients may become immobile, requiring 24-hour nursing care.