Technical challenges in the treatment of mediastinal lymphomas by proton pencil beam scanning and deep inspiration breath-hold.

PURPOSE:To comprehensively describe the treatment of mediastinal lymphoma by pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy. METHODS:Fourteen patients underwent PBS proton treatment in a supine position in deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH). Three DIBH computed tomography (CT) scans were acquired for each patient to delineate the Internal Target Volume (ITV). Intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) was planned by min-max robust optimization on the ITV, with a 6 mm setup and 3.5% range uncertainties. Robustness analysis was performed and dose coverage was visually inspected on the corresponding voxel-wise minimum map. Layer repainting was set equal to 5 to compensate for cardiac motion. Intra-fraction reproducibility during treatment was assessed by repeated daily DIBH X-ray imaging. Finally, an additional CT was acquired at half treatment to estimate the impact of inter-fraction dosimetric reproducibility. RESULTS:IMPT guaranteed robust mediastinal target coverage and organs-at-risk sparing. However, visual voxel-wise robustness evaluation showed that in five patients a second optimization with focused objectives in the cost-function was necessary to achieve a robust coverage of the target regions at the interface between lungs and soft tissue. In six patients, repainting was not used due to excessive treatment time length and poor patient compliance. Intra-fraction average reproducibility was within 1 mm/1degree. On repeated CT scans, inter-fraction setup errors and/or anatomical changes showed minimal dosimetric differences in CTV coverage. CONCLUSION:IMPT in DIBH is effective and reproducible to treat mediastinal lymphomas. Caution is recommended to guarantee robust dose delivery to high-risk regions at the interface between lungs and soft tissue.