Structural characteristics and immune-enhancing activity of fractionated polysaccharides from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) Ching

Polysaccharides coded as CP were extracted from Athyrium Multidentatum (Doll.) Ching and then fractionated into five fractions (FP-1, FP-2, FP-3, FP-4 and FP-5). A purified polysaccharide designated as FP-3-4 was prepared from FP-3 by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. Chemical analysis disclosed that CP and these fractions were heteropolysaccharides and mainly composed of glucose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, rhamnose, xylose, fucose, ribose and uronic acid with different molar ratios. They presented different images of SEM. FP-3-4 was highly branched polymers with sixteen types of linkages. The in vitro immunomodulatory results stated that CP and these fractions could promote macrophage proliferation, enhance macrophage phagocytosis and increase the production of NO, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-2, indicating remarkable immune enhancement activities. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that CP and FP-3 induced macrophage activation mainly through MAPK and alternative NF-κΒ signaling pathways via CD14/TLR4 and Dectin-2 receptors, which were verified by RT-qPCR and western blot.