Targeting for nonpoint source pollution reduction: A synthesis of lessons learned, remaining challenges, and emerging opportunities

The ability to identify, target, and treat critical pollution source areas on a landscape is an ongoing challenge for water quality programs that seek to address nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. In this article, we develop a conceptual framework for targeting program design, and review recent experience with the implementation of targeting programs that corresponds with a wide range of program characteristics. Through this review, we emphasize that the complex and locally dependent nature of NPS generation and transport makes it impossible to define a narrow set of rules to guide targeting programs everywhere. Instead, we evaluate key features of NPS targeting in several different contexts, highlighting lessons learned from recent experience. This synthesis of targeting program design and implementation points toward several areas of opportunity for improved NPS policy, however more research is needed to systematically document changes in behavior and pollutant loads. The lack of monitoring data at refined scales presents a major obstacle to targeting program success. This paper synthesizes new opportunities and ongoing challenges for the implementation of targeting in NPS water quality programs.