Systems on Top of Nasal Cannula Improve Oxygen Delivery in Patients with COVID-19: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Treating hypoxemia while meeting the soaring demands of oxygen can be a challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective To determine the efficacy of the surgical facemask and the double-trunk mask on top of the low-flow oxygen nasal cannula on arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 ) in hypoxemic COVID-19 patients. Design Randomized controlled trial. Participants Hospitalized adults with COVID-19 and hypoxemia treated with the low-flow nasal cannula were enrolled between November 13, 2020, and March 05, 2021. Interventions Patients were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive either the nasal cannula alone (control) or the nasal cannula covered by the surgical facemask or the double-trunk mask. Arterial blood gases were collected at baseline and 30 min after the use of each system. The oxygen output was adapted afterwards to retrieve the baseline pulse oxygen saturation. The final oxygen output value was recorded after another 30-min period. Main Measures The primary outcome was the absolute change in PaO 2 . Secondary outcomes included changes in oxygen output, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ), vital parameters, and breathlessness. Key Results Arterial blood samples were successfully collected in 24/27 (8 per group) randomized patients. Compared to the nasal cannula alone, PaO 2 increased with the surgical facemask (mean change: 20 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.7–38.8; P = .04) and with the double-trunk mask (mean change: 40 mmHg; 95% CI: 21–59; P < .001). Oxygen output was reduced when adding the surgical facemask (median reduction: 1.5 L/min [95% CI: 0.5–4.5], P < .001) or the double-trunk mask (median reduction: 3.3 L/min [95% CI: 2–5], P < .001). The double-trunk mask was associated with a PaCO 2 increase of 2.4 mmHg ([95% CI: 0–4.7], P = .049). Neither mask influenced vital parameters or breathlessness. Conclusions The addition of the surgical facemask or the double-trunk mask above the nasal cannula improves arterial oxygenation and reduces oxygen consumption.