Clinical Issues in Indication, Correction, and Outcomes of the Surgery for Neuromuscular Scoliosis: Narrative Review in Pedicle Screw Era

Surgical treatment for neuromuscular scoliosis has evolved with pedicle screw instrumenta-tion and the improvement of perioperative management. We aimed to review recent papers related to posterior surgical correction with a pedicle screw system for neuromuscular scoli-osis, particularly cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy, in terms of indication, correction method, and outcomes. The most remarkable change was the posterior-only operation with all-pedicle screw fixations. With this change, operation time, blood loss, and postop-erative complications decreased. Furthermore, spinal osteotomy could be performed with the pedicle screw system for severe scoliosis. S2-alar-iliac screws demonstrated favorable outcomes in terms of stability and complication, but a question remains about saving the mobile segment for sitting balance, interaction between the hip and spine, effect to the sag-ittal balance, and proximal junctional problem. The quality of life improvement was more definite in patients with cerebral palsy. The improvement of respiratory function in Duch-enne muscular dystrophy was not certain, although an increase of spinal height, thoracic cavity size, and absolute forced vital capacity have been reported. Further prospective stud-ies or randomized clinical trials are needed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of lumbosa-cral fixation, preservation of the lumbosacral joint, or functional improvement considering the different etiology.