Region-specific CREB function regulates distinct forms of regret associated with resilience versus susceptibility to chronic stress

Regret describes recognizing that alternative actions could have led to better outcomes. This can transform into behavioral consequences, altering subsequent valuations, but remains unclear if regret derives from a generalized computation for mistake appraisal or instead is made up of dissociable action-specific processes. Using a novel neuroeconomic decision-making paradigm, we found mice were differentially sensitive to fundamentally distinct types of missed opportunities following exposure to chronic social defeat stress or manipulations of CREB, a key transcription factor implicated in chronic stress action. Bias to make compensatory decisions after rejecting high-value offers (regret type I) was unique to stress-susceptible mice. Bias following the converse operation, accepting low-value offers (regret type II), was enhanced in stress-resilient and absent in stress-susceptible mice. CREB function in either the medial prefrontal cortex or nucleus accumbens was required to suppress regret type I but differentially affected regret type II. We provide insight into how adaptive versus maladaptive stress-response traits may be related to fundamentally distinct forms of counterfactual thinking and could steer psychotherapy for mood disorders such as depression toward unveiling circuit-specific computations through a careful description of decision narrative. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.