Quantitative and qualitative studies for real monitoring of interfacial molecular water

Hypothesis: Interfacial water plays an essential role in natural phenomena and scientific applications despite causing many economic losses. Therefore, its real monitoring is no question mandatory; however, suitable techniques are quite rare and/or with limitations. Experiments: Moisture Sensor (MS) was used to detect the galvanic response current arising from the stacked interfacial water molecules between two dissimilar electrodes under controlled relative humidity (RH). Simultaneously, the frequency response was detected using QCM sensor as a quantitative tool. Bare and Hydrophilic (HP) sensor surfaces were used to examine the surface wettability. Moreover, sum fre-quency generation (SFG) was used to investigate the qualitative formation and the nature of stacked interfacial water molecules on bare and HP modified surfaces of quartz prism. Findings: Results revealed that, response current and frequency change were increased as the number of stacked water molecules increased. Correlating response current and frequency gave a clear quantitative estimation of stacked water molecules on the sensors' surfaces. Interfacial water molecules possessed strong H-bonding nature at the bare prism surface whereas, strong and weak H-bonding were existing at the HP/prism surface. Such findings provide feasible evaluation for the galvanic current source due to stacked interfacial water molecules at different levels of RH. (c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.