Subsidence and fusion performance of a 3D-printed porous interbody cage with stress-optimized body lattice and microporous endplates - a comprehensive mechanical and biological analysis

•Body lattice and microporous endplates features can effectively reduce the cage stiffness, therefore reducing the risk of stress shielding and promoting early fusion.•While body lattice showed no impact on block stiffness (subsidence performance) and the microporous endplates reduced the block stiffness, these features supported bone ingrowth and segmental mechanical stability.•Porous titanium cage architecture can offer an attractive solution to increase the available space for bone ingrowth and bridging to support successful spinal fusion while mitigating risks of increased subsidence.