Potential differences in chitin synthesis ability cause different sensitivities to diflubenzuron among three strains of Daphnia magna

Ecotoxicity testing of crustaceans using Daphnia magna has been implemented in the chemical management systems of various countries. While the chemical sensitivity of D. magna varies depending on genetically different clonal lineages, the strain used in ecotoxicity tests, including the acute immobilization test (OECD TG202), has not been specified. We hypothesized that comprehensive gene expression profiles could provide useful information on phenotypic differences among strains, including chemical sensitivity. To test this hypothesis, we performed mRNA sequencing on three different strains (NIES, England, and Clone 5) of D. magna under culture conditions. The resulting expression profile of the NIES strain was clearly different compared to the profiles of the other two strains. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis suggested that chitin metabolism was significantly enriched in the NIES strain compared to that in the England strain. Consistent with the GO analysis, evidence of high levels of chitin metabolism in the NIES strain were observed across multiple levels of biological organization, such as expression of chitin synthase genes, chitin content, and chitinase activity, which suggested that the different strains would exhibit different sensitivities to chemicals used to inhibit chitin synthesis. We found that among all strains, the NIES strain was more tolerant to diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, with a 14-fold difference in the 48 h-EC50 value for the acute immobilization test compared to the England strain. The present study demonstrates that the differences among strains in chitin metabolism may lead to sensitivity difference to diflubenzuron, and serves as a case study of the usefulness of comprehensive gene expression profiles in finding sensitivity differences.