Long-Term Oncological and Functional Outcomes After Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy for Clinically Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma

Background To evaluate long-term oncological and renal function outcomes in patients treated with robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Patients and Methods Patients undergoing RAPN for clinically localized RCC between January 2014 and December 2019 at a tertiary robotic reference center were evaluated. Clinical course, pathologic characteristics, and long-term outcomes were obtained from our institutional review board-approved RCC database. Results A total of 234 patients were available for analysis. Median follow-up was 46 months (10.8–97.8 months), with 77 patients (32.9%) having at least 5-years of follow-up. Pathology revealed clear-cell RCC in 67.5% ( n = 158). Among unfavorable factors, nuclear grades 3 or 4 were found in 67 (29.4%), lymphovascular invasion in 10 (4.3%), positive surgical margins in 22 (9.4%), necrosis in 21 (9%), and sarcomatoid pattern in 2 patients (0.9%). At 12 months, mean serum creatinine was 1.04 mg/dL and 12.9% of patients experienced upstaging in chronic kidney disease. Overall recurrence-free survival at 5-years was 97.8%. There were five local (2.1%) and two distant (0.9%) recurrences, none of them resulting in cancer-specific death. Median time to recurrence was 20 months (11–64 months). Warm ischemia time [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.14, p = 0.034] and sarcomatoid pattern (HR = 124.57, p = 0.001) were the only variables associated with local relapse. Conclusions Data from this large cohort demonstrate that patients undergoing RAPN have a low incidence of local and distant relapse, resulting in excellent long-term survival while preserving stable renal function in most patients.