Mapping Macrophage Polarization and Origin during the Progression of the Foreign Body Response to a Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogel Implant

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels hold promise for in vivo applications but induce a foreign body response (FBR). While macrophages are key in the FBR, many questions remain. This study investigates temporal changes in the transcriptome of implant-associated monocytes and macrophages. Proinflammatory pathways are upregulated in monocytes compared to control monocytes but subside by day 28. Macrophages are initially proinflammatory but shift to a profibrotic state by day 14, coinciding with fibrous capsule emergence. Next, this study assesses the origin of macrophages responsible for fibrous encapsulation using wildtype, C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 2 (CCR2)(-/-) mice that lack recruited macrophages, and Macrophage Fas-Induced Apoptosis (MaFIA) mice that enable macrophage ablation. Subpopulations of recruited and tissue-resident macrophages are identified. Fibrous encapsulation proceeds in CCR2(-/-) mice similar to wildtype mice. However, studies in MaFIA mice indicate that macrophages are necessary for fibrous capsule formation. These findings suggest that macrophage origin impacts the FBR progression and provides evidence that tissue-resident macrophages and not the recruited macrophages may drive fibrosis in the FBR to PEG hydrogels. This study demonstrates that implant-associated monocytes and macrophages have temporally distinct transcriptomes in the FBR and that profibrotic pathways associated with macrophages may be enriched in tissue-resident macrophages.