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ing and Indexing Services: Abstracts on Hygiene and Communicable Diseases, ADIS International Limited, Australian Medical Index, CINAHL, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management, GeoRef, Health & Safety Science Abstracts, MEDLINE, Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Pollution Abstracts, Risk Abstracts (Online Edition), Science Citation Index Expanded SCOPUS, Tropical Diseases Bulletin, World Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Abstracts. Address for Editorial Correspondence: Emergency Medicine Australasia, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd, 155 Cremorne Street, Richmond, Victoria 3121, Australia (tel: (+61) 3 9274 3127; fax: (+61) 3 9274 3390); email: ema.eo@wiley.com). Instructions for Authors: Please refer to the Instructions for Authors on the Journal homepage at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/ journal/ ema prior to submitting your manuscript. Manuscripts should be submitted online at http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ema. Disclaimer: The Publisher, College, Society and Editors cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this journal; the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the Publisher, College, Society and Editors, neither does the publication of advertisements constitute any endorsement by the Publisher, College, Society and Editors of the products advertised. Copyright © 2019 Australasian College for Emergency Medicine. ISSN: 1742–6731 (Print) ISSN: 1742–6723 (Online) For submission instructions, subscription and all other information visit http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ema This journal is available online at Wiley Online Library. Visit wileyonlinelibrary.com to search the articles and register for table of contents and email alerts. Wiley is a founding member of the UN-backed HINARI, AGORA, and OARE initiatives. They are now collectively known as Research4Life, making online scientific content available free or at nominal cost to researchers in developing countries. Please visit Wiley’s Content Access – Corporate Citizenship site: http://www. wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-390082.html. Wiley’s Corporate Citizenship initiative seeks to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges faced in our business and which are important to our diverse stakeholder groups. Since launching the initiative, we have focused on sharing our content with those in need, enhancing community philanthropy, reducing our carbon impact, creating global guidelines and best practices for paper use, establishing a vendor code of ethics, and engaging our colleagues and other stakeholders in our efforts. Follow our progress at www.wiley.com/go/citizenship EMM_31-1Cover.indd 2 22/01/19 7:04 PM EMM_31-1Cover.indd 2 22/01/19 7:04 PM EMM_31-1Cover.indd 2 22/01/19 7:04 PM Publisher Emergency Medicine Australasia is published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 42 McDougall Street Milton, QLD 4064 Australia Tel: +61 (0)7 3859 9755 Journal Customer Services For ordering information, claims and any enquiry concerning your journal subscription please go to https://hub.wiley.com/ community/ support/onlinelibrary or contact your nearest office. Americas: Email: cs-journals@wiley.com; Tel: +1 781 388 8598 or +1 800 835 6770 (toll free in the USA & Canada). Europe, Middle East and Africa: Email: cs-journals@wiley.com; Tel: +44 (0) 1865 778315. Asia Pacific: Email: cs-journals@wiley.com; Tel: +65 6511 8000. Japan: For Japanese speaking support, Email: cs-japan@wiley.com. Visit our Online Customer Help available in 7 languages at https://hub.wiley.com/community/support/onlinelibrary