The bear-berry connection: Ecological and management implications of brown bears' food habits in a highly touristic protected area

Diet studies are essential to understand animal ecology and ecosystem dynamics, especially in the case of large omnivores. These studies are particularly relevant in areas where human disturbance is intense and, thus, species dietary patterns might change due to the easy accessibility of food resources of human origin, which may hinder the ecosystem services these species provide. We assessed the diet of brown bears (Ursus arctos) by DNA metabarcoding in Tatra National Park (southern Poland), a highly touristic protected area. Brown bears' diet showed a marked seasonality, a characteristic feature of brown bear populations relying on natural foods. Graminoids represented the main food during spring, while fleshy-fruited plants became more important from mid-summer. Fleshy-fruited plants were present in 56% of faeces and during the entire activity period of bears, revealing that fruits play a pivotal role in the feeding ecology of Tatra brown bears. Two berry species, Vaccinium myrtillus and Rubus idaeus, were the most frequently detected (in 42% and 20% of faeces, respectively). The large consumption of fleshy-fruited plants, and particularly of berries, suggests that, despite high levels of human disturbance in the area, brown bears still play a key role as seed dispersers. Management strategies focused on an effective waste management, control of berry picking, strict regulations about human activities in specific areas during sensitive periods in the feeding ecology of bears, and the lack of artificial food provisioning are crucial to ensure the seed dispersal processes and associated ecosystem services that bears and other frugivores provide.