Acoustic emissions from echocontrast agents infused through an EkoSonic endovascular system in vitro

The objective of this study was to explore the location and amount of cavitation nucleation from Definity® or drug-loaded echogenic liposomes infused through the EkoSonic endovascular system (Boston Scientific, Arden Hills, MN) in an in vitro model mimicking porcine femoral arterial flow. Passive cavitation images were acquired during echocontrast agent infusion and 2.2 MHz EkoSonic ultrasound exposure over a range of ultrasound drive powers (4 W-47 W), and the ultraharmonic and inharmonic energy patterns were compared.