Synergistic Radar and Sub-Millimeter Radiometer Retrievals of Ice Hydrometeors in Mid-Latitude Frontal Cloud Systems

Abstract. Accurate measurements of ice hydrometeors are required to improve the representation of clouds and precipitation in weather and climate models. In this study, a newly developed, synergistic retrieval algorithm that combines radar with passive millimeter and sub-millimeter observations is applied to observations of three frontally-generated, mid-latitude cloud systems in order to validate the retrieval and asses its capabilities to constrain the properties of ice hydrometeors. To account for uncertainty in the assumed shapes of ice particles, the retrieval is run multiple times while the assumed shape is varied. Good agreement with in situ measurements of ice water content and particle concentrations for particle maximum diameters larger than 200 μm is found for one of the flights for the Large Plate Aggregate and the 6-Bullet Rosette shapes. The variational retrieval fits the observations well although small systematic deviations are observed for some of the sub-millimeter pointing towards issues with the sensor calibration or the modeling of gas absorption. We find that the quality of the fit to the observations is independent of the assumed ice particle shape, indicating that the employed combination of observations is insufficient to constrain the shape of ice particles in the observed clouds. Compared to a radar-only retrieval, the results show an improved sensitivity of the synergistic retrieval to the microphysical properties of ice hydrometeors at the base of the cloud. Our findings indicate that the synergy between active and passive microwave observations improve remote-sensing measurements of ice hydrometeors and may thus help to reduce uncertainties that affect currently available data products. Due to the increased sensitivity to their microphysical properties, the retrieval may also be a valuable tool to study ice hydrometeors in field campaigns. The good fits obtained to the observations increases confidence in the modeling of clouds in the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator and the corresponding single scattering database, which were used to implement the retrieval forward model. Our results demonstrate the suitability of these tools to produce realistic simulations for upcoming sub-millimeter sensors such as the Ice Cloud Image or the Arctic Weather Satellite.