Multiscale Variational Autoencoder Aided Convolutional Neural Network for Pose Estimation of Tunneling Machine Using a Single Monocular Image

With the rising demand of underground construction, intelligent tunneling techniques have been increasingly studied to improve the safety and efficiency of construction. The self-positioning technology of tunneling machines is the cornerstone of intelligent tunneling, which is particularly challenging due to the extreme environments of the underground tunnels. In this article, a novel robust and r...