Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Baseline Frequency and Impact of Psycho-Stimulant Medication

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting up to approximately 5% of children and adolescents worldwide [1]. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) defines ADHD according to two core symptom clusters: developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity [2]. These symptoms significantly impact behavior and performance in both academic and social settings. ADHD is often associated with co-existing (comorbid) mental health disorders, such as conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and anxiety disorders [3]. In addition to these comorbidities, many children diagnosed with ADHD have been reported to experience significant sleep problems and/or disorders [4].