Illumination conditions on Phobos for the MMX rover mission

Introduction

In preparation of the Phobos Rover experiment as part of JAXA’s Mars Moon eXplorer (MMX) mission, we study the illumination conditions on the Martian moon, focusing on the effects of eclipses and radiation from Mars.

JAXA's Mars Moon eXplorer (MMX) mission is due to launch in 2024 and is planned to arrive in the Martian system in 2025 [1]. The probe will deliver a rover [2], built by CNES and DLR, with contributions by INTA and JAXA, to the equatorial area of Phobos (latitude in [-30°, 30°]) between Dec. 15, 2026 and Aug. 15, 2027 [3]. A period of operations of 100 Earth days is planned, i.e. the nominal end of the rover’s mission is at latest on Nov. 23, 2027. Current plans [3] foresee a landing on the sub-Mars hemisphere (longitude in [0°W, 90°W] ∪ [270°W, 360°W]), which necessitates studies on the occurrence of eclipses and on contributions of radiation from Mars to the total incoming flux.

As [4] have shown, eclipses occur around spring and autumn equinox. At the sub-Mars point they can last for up to 55 minutes, which is a significant fraction of Phobos’ orbital period of only 7h 39 min. Thus, eclipses have a significant impact on the amount of energy available to the rover as it is powered by solar panels. Radiation from Mars comprises direct solar flux scattered by Mars towards Phobos and thermal emissions by the Martian surface. Both effects can be of advantage for the rover by providing additional solar energy and generating significantly higher surface temperatures [5] that may help the rover to survive the nights. On the other hand, Mars radiation can be hindrance for the evaluation of data gathered by the rover’s instruments.

Baseline Data

We used the shape model by [6], the rotation model from [7] and - as the rotation model is determined depending on it - the JPL ephemerides MAR097 for this study. To compute the radiation from Mars we use the Mars Climate Database, version 5.3 [8, 9].

Results

Given a location on Phobos, i.e. a facet of the shape model, an eclipse occurs if the facet is inclined to the Sun, and if the Sun is hidden behind Mars. The irregular shape of Phobos effects that even on this small body the eclipse duration is not the same for all locations on the sub-Mars hemisphere. Figure 1 shows the maximum eclipse duration for the currently envisioned landing area during the rover’s nominal mission time. The longest eclipses, lasting for 54.82 minutes, occur for a large area about the sub-Mars point. For some locations, e.g. at the Eastern part of crater Stickney or west of the crater rim, the maximum eclipse duration is much shorter.

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