Understanding p300-transcription factor interactions using sequence variation and hybridization

The hypoxic response is central to cell function and plays a significant role in the growth and survival of solid tumours. HIF-1 regulates the hypoxic response by activating over 100 genes responsible for adaptation to hypoxia, making it a potential target for anticancer drug discovery. Although there is significant structural and mechanistic understanding of the interaction between HIF-1α and p300 alongside negative regulators of HIF-1α such as CITED2, there remains a need to further understand the sequence determinants of binding. In this work we use a combination of protein expression, chemical synthesis, fluorescence anisotropy and isothermal titration calorimetry for HIF-1α sequence variants and a HIF-1α- CITED hybrid sequence which we term CITIF. We show the HIF-1α sequence is highly tolerant to sequence variation through reduced enthalpic and less unfavourable entropic contributions, These data imply backbone as opposed to side chain interactions and ligand folding control the binding interaction and that sequence variations are tolerated as a result of adopting a more disordered bound interaction or “fuzzy” complex. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. * ALA : scan Alanine scan BUDE : Bristol University Docking Engine C-TAD : Carboxy-terminal transactivation domain FA : Fluorescence Anisotropy GFP : Green Fluorescent Protein GST : Glutathione S-transferase HIF-1α : Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha ITC : Isothermal titration calorimetry mAV : multiple alanine variant NMR : Nuclear magnetic resonance PPI : Protein-protein interaction sAV : Single alanine variant wt : wild type