J-PLUS: Uncovering a large population of extreme [OIII] emitters in the local Universe

Context. Over the past decades, several studies have discovered a population of galaxies that undergo very strong star formation events. They are called extreme emission line galaxies (EELGs). Aims. We exploit the capabilities of the Javalambre Photometric Local Universe Survey (J-PLUS), a wide-field multifilter survey, with which 2000 square degrees of the northern sky are already observed. We use it to identify EELGs at low redshift by their [OIII]5007 emission line. We intend to provide a more complete, deep, and less biased sample of local EELGs. Methods. We selected objects with an excess of flux in the J-PLUS medium-band J0515 filter, which covers the [OIII] line at z < 0.06. We removed contaminants (stars and higher-redshift systems) using J-PLUS and WISE infrared photometry, with SDSS spectra as a benchmark. We performed spectral energy distribution fitting to estimate the physical properties of the galaxies: line fluxes, equivalent widths (EWs), masses, stellar population ages, and so on. Results. We identify 466 EELGs at z < 0.06 with [OIII] EW over 300 angstrom and an r-band magnitude below 20, of which 411 were previously unknown. Most show compact morphologies, low stellar masses (log(M-star/M-circle dot) similar to 8.13(-0.58)(+0.61)), low dust extinction (E( B-V) similar to 0.1(-0.1)(+0.2)), and very young bursts of star formation (3.0(-2.0)(+2.7) Myr). Our method is up to similar to 20 times more efficient in detecting EELGs per Mpc(3) than broadband surveys, and it is as complete as magnitude-limited spectroscopic surveys (but reaches fainter objects). The sample is not directly biased against strong H alpha emitters, in contrast with works using broadband surveys. Conclusions. We demonstrate that J-PLUS can identify a large sample of previously unknown EELGs showing unique properties following a clear selection process. A fraction of the EELGs are probably similar to the first galaxies in the Universe, but they are at a much lower redshift, which makes them ideal targets for follow-up studies.