Interannual Variability of the Lena River Plume Propagation in 1993-2020 during the Ice-Free Period on the Base of Satellite Salinity, Temperature, and Altimetry Measurements

The Lena River plume significantly affects the thermohaline, optical and chemical properties of the eastern Arctic seas. We use sea surface salinity (SSS), temperature (SST), and altimetry measurements to study features of the Lena plume propagation during 1993-2020. A comparison of Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) SSS measurements with in situ data obtained using the flow-through system in oceanographic surveys in 2018-2019 demonstrates good coincidence with correlation similar to 0.96 and RMSD similar to 1 psu. The SMAP data were used to reconstruct the plume evolution in 2015-2020 and to identify three main types of Lena plume propagation, which are mainly related to the variability of dominant zonal wind direction: << northern >>-the plume moves to the north from the delta up to 78 degrees N; << eastern >>-the plume moves eastward along the Siberian coast up to 180 degrees E; << mixed >> between two main types. Brackish plume waters were characterized by increased temperature and sea level, which provides the opportunity for studying the Lena plume dynamics using satellite altimetry and infrared measurements. These data were analyzed to study the interannual variability of plume propagation during the ice-free period of 1993-2020. The obtained results show that the << northern >> type is observed twice more often than the << eastern >> one, but the << eastern >> type has intensified since 2010.