Puffing Up Hollow Carbon Nanofibers with High-Energy Metal-Organic Frameworks for Capacitive-Dominated Potassium-Ion Storage

Nitrogen-doped carbon materials with abundant defects and strong potassium adsorption ability have been recognized as potential anodes for potassium ion batteries (PIBs). However, the limited content and uncontrolled type of nitrogen-doped sites hinder the further performance improvement of PIBs. Herein, this work proposes nitrogen phosphorous co-doped hollow carbon nanofibers (PNCNFs) derived from high-energy metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with an ultra-high nitrogen content of 19.52 wt% and a high portion of more reactive pyridinic N sites. Furthermore, the highly open architecture exploded by released gases from high-energy MOFs provides sufficient edge sites to settle the N atoms and further form pyridinic N sites induced by phosphorous dopants. The resulting PNCNFs achieve excellent potassium ion storage performance with high reversible capacity (466.2 mAh g(-1)), superb rate capability (244.4 mAh g(-1) at 8 A g(-1)), and excellent cycling performance (294.6 mAh g(-1) after 3250 cycles). The density functional theory calculation reveals that the N/P defects enhance the potassium adsorption ability and improve the conductivity.