eRoute: Mobility-Driven Integration of Heterogeneous Urban Cyber-Physical Systems Under Disruptive Events

With the rapid development of cities, heterogeneous urban cyber-physical systems are designed to improve citizens' experience, e.g., navigation and delivery service. However, the integration of services is not designed for disruptive events, an oversight that has rippling effects on service quality. For example, urban transportation systems consist of multiple transport modes that have complementary characteristics of capacities, speeds, and costs, facilitating smooth passenger transfers by planned schedules. Such integration may experience significantly increased delays during disruptions. Current solutions rely on a substitute service to transport passengers from and to affected areas using ad-hoc schedules and static routes, which are inefficient and do not utilize mobility patterns of mobile systems, e.g., dynamic passenger demand. To coordinate heterogeneous transportation systems under disruptions, we design a service to automatically select and integrate part of three systems (subway, bus, and taxi) using systems' mobility patterns, e.g., predicted supply and demand. The service is presented in a normal version, eRoute, considering both subway and bus, and in a version taking taxis into account, called enhanced eRoute. We implement and evaluate eRoute with datasets including subway, bus and taxi, and a fare collection system. The data-driven evaluation results show that eRoute improves the ratio of served passengers per time interval by up to 11.5 times and reduces the average traveling time by up to 82.1 percent compared with existing solutions.