Azithromycin pretreatment exacerbates atopic dermatitis in trimellitic anhydride-induced model mice accompanied by correlated changes in the gut microbiota and serum cytokines

•AZI pretreatment deteriorates the TMA-induced AD-like symptoms in mice.•AZI pretreatment promoted the infiltration of immune cells in the skins of AD mice.•AZI pretreatment exacerbated cytokine imbalances in the skin and serum in AD mice.•AZI depleted three short-chain fatty acids producing gut bacterial genera.•Correlations were found among AD symptoms and these cytokines or gut bacterial genera.