Planning and real-time pricing of EV charging stations considering social welfare and profitability balance

This paper presents a planning and real-time pricing approach for EV charging stations (CSs). The approach takes the form of a bi-level model to fully consider the interest of both the government and EV charging station operators in the planning process. From the perspective of maximizing social welfare, the government acts as the decision-maker of the upper level that optimizes the charging price...