Feasibility Of Graphene-Polymer Composite Membranes For Forward Osmosis Applications

This paper assesses the feasibility of fabricating thin-film composite membranes from stacked graphene nanosheets in combination with a polymer as a selective layer on a macroporous support membrane for utilization in osmosis applications. Reproducible dispersion procedures based on the liquid-phase exfoliation technique have been established to fabricate multi-layer graphene from graphite with the assistance of the high boiling point solvent N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) or the low boiling point solvent ethanol. A high graphene yield of up to 7.2% with a concentration of 0.36 mg mL(-1) was achieved in the NMP-based dispersions. Membrane fabrication toward a graphene-polymer sandwich architecture has been developed, in which graphene laminates modified with or without a chemical cross-linker are placed in between two polyethyleneimine (PEI layers) laminated onto the support membrane (either nylon or polyethersulfone microfiltration membranes). Graphene-polymer composite membranes were successfully fabricated via the pressure-assisted filtration technique and the performance of the membranes was studied in terms of pure water permeability and dextran rejection. The best performing membranes had water permeability varying from 33-77 L m(-2) h(-1) bar(-1) and rejection of dextran 2000 kDa up to 96%; the selective layer has a thickness of similar to 1 mu m. Forward osmosis experiments with polyacrylic acid sodium salt as draw agent demonstrate the feasibility of using the established graphene-polymer composite membranes for such applications.