Cropland Heterogeneity Drives Frequency And Intensity Of Pesticide Use

Agricultural landscapes across the planet have replaced natural habitat with crop production that is less diverse at field and landscape scales. Loss of cropland heterogeneity can increase pest colonization rates and decrease predation rates, thereby exacerbating pest pressure and leading to increased use of pesticides. Linking landscape pattern, crop pest pressure, and pesticide use is emerging as critical step for understanding the benefits, and potential trade-offs, of diversified agriculture. We advance this work by exploring how cropland heterogeneity drives pesticide use, and whether this effect is modified by pesticide class (i.e. fungicide, herbicide or insecticide). We focus on a diverse growing region, California's Central Valley, and use spatial auto-regressive models to test for consistent class-based differences in the relationship between pesticide use and cropland heterogeneity (i.e. mean field size and landscape-level crop diversity). We find reduced pesticide use, in terms of both frequency and intensity of application, in diversified, spatially-heterogenous landscapes. Additionally, we see (a) more consistent responses of fungicides and insecticides to landscape pattern, (b) pesticide use increases as cropland becomes more homogenous with respect to crop identity, and (c) this effect is more consistent for perennial crops than annual crops. The modifying influence of pesticide class is largely consistent with expectations from ecological theory. Our results support increasing focus on whether enhancing the heterogeneity of the crop mosaic itself can benefit biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being.