Prevalence of tracheobronchomalacia is higher than previously reported in children with cystic fibrosis

BackgroundTracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is estimated to be present in 1 in 2100 children. Previous reports suggest the prevalence is higher in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). This has clinical implications with potential to influence airway clearance and lung health. AimTo determine the prevalence and clinical associations of TBM in Western Australian children with CF. MethodsChildren with CF born between 2001 and 2016 were included. Operation reports from bronchoscopies performed until the age of 4 were retrospectively reviewed. Data were collected on the presence, persistence defined as a repeat diagnosis, and severity of TBM. Data on genotype, pancreatic status, and symptoms at CF diagnosis were extracted from the medical record. Associations between categorical variables were compared using chi(2) and Fisher's exact test. ResultsOf 167 children (79 male), 68 (41%) were diagnosed with TBM at least once, with TBM persistent in 37 (22%) and severe in 31 (19%). TBM was significantly associated with pancreatic insufficiency (chi(2) = 7.874, p < 0.05, odds ratio [OR] 3.4), delta F508 gene mutation (chi(2) = 6.489, p < 0.05, OR 2.3), and a presentation of meconium ileus (chi(2) = 8.615, p < 0.05, OR 5.0). Severe malacia was less likley in females (chi(2) = 4.523, p < 0.05, OR 0.42) . No significant relationship was found with respiratory symptoms at the time of CF diagnosis (chi(2) = 0.742, p = 0.39). ConclusionsTBM was common in this group of children under the age of 4 with CF. A high index of suspicion for airway malacia should be considered in children with CF, particularly those who present with meconium ileus and have gastrointestinal symptoms at diagnosis.