High temperature microwave dielectric and thermochemical properties of waste Li_xMn₂O₄ battery cathode materials reduced by moso bamboo

It is important to effectively and in an environmentally friendly manner, recover metallic elements such as lithium and manganese from waste lithium-manganese batteries. In this work, the changes in the dielectric and thermochemical properties of mixtures of waste LixMn2O4 battery cathode materials and moso bamboo during a microwave heating process were studied in detail using moso bamboo as the reducing agent. The dielectric properties of the mixed materials were measured by the cylindrical cavity perturbation method. The results of the high-temperature reduction process demonstrated that the reduction process could be divided into five temperature ranges (e.g., <120 degrees C, 120 degrees C-220 degrees C, 220 degrees C-380 degrees C, 380 degrees C-600 degrees C, and >600 degrees C), and the reduction reaction mainly occurred in the third and fourth stages, especially in the ranges of 300-330 degrees C and 410-430 degrees C. The results of the microwave absorption characteristics under different conditions demonstrated that high temperatures were favorable for microwave penetration, and the microwave penetration depth (Dp) was 4 cm at 900 degrees C. In addition, when the moso bamboo content exceeded 16%, the er" (effective loss factor) and tan delta (loss angle tangent) of the mixtures suddenly dropped to lower levels by approximately 0.064 and 0.087, respectively. It was also found that when the moso bamboo content was 12%, the mixture had better thermal reduction and microwave dielectric properties. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd.