The impact of Aeolus wind retrievals on ECMWF global weather forecasts

Aeolus is the world's first spaceborne Doppler Wind Lidar, providing profiles of horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS) wind retrievals. Numerical weather prediction (NWP) impact and error statistics of Aeolus Level-2B (L2B) wind statistics have been assessed using the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global data assimilation system. Random and systematic error estimates were derived from observation minus background departure statistics. The HLOS wind random error standard deviation is estimated to be in the range 4.0-7.0 m center dot s(-1) for the Rayleigh-clear and 2.8-3.6 m center dot s(-1) for the Mie-cloudy, depending on atmospheric signal levels which in turn depend on instrument performance, atmospheric backscatter properties and the processing algorithms. Complex systematic HLOS wind error variations on time-scales less than one orbit were identified, most strongly affecting the Rayleigh-clear winds. NWP departures and instrument housekeeping data confirmed that it is caused by temperature gradients across the primary mirror. A successful bias correction scheme was implemented in the operational processing chain in April 2020. In Observing System Experiments (OSEs), Aeolus provides statistically significant improvement in short-range forecasts as verified by observations sensitive to temperature, wind and humidity. Longer forecast range verification shows positive impact that is strongest at the day two to three forecast range: similar to 2% improvement in root-mean-square error for vector wind and temperature in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, and polar troposphere. Positive impact up to 9 days is found in the tropical lower stratosphere. Both Rayleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy winds provide positive impact, but the Rayleigh accounts for most tropical impact. The Forecast Sensitivity Observation Impact (FSOI) metric is available since 9 January 2020, when Aeolus was operationally assimilated, which confirms Aeolus is a useful contribution to the global observing system, with the Rayleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy winds providing similar overall short-range impact in 2020.