Alterations In Functional Connectivity In The Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine System In Chronic Insomnia Disorder

Insomnia is the most prevalent sleep disorder and contributes to considerable personal suffering and social cost. Recent advances in conceptual models of insomnia and the ability to investigate these models across units of analysis have contributed to a greater understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of insomnia. In this article, we review the major models of insomnia and their empirical support. We highlight persistent challenges to advancing human understanding and treatment of insomnia. We also suggest future research directions. Current approaches to the treatment of insomnia, although effective for many individuals with insomnia, are not well understood in terms of their mechanism of action. As our models of insomnia continue to develop in the coming decades, they may better inform subtypes of insomnia and personalized treatments that more effectively target core mechanisms of individual presentations.