Intraoperative Localization In Minimally Invasive Surgery For Small Pulmonary Nodules: A Retrospective Study

Background: Small pulmonary nodules are increasingly detected at an earlier stage and need to be removed via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). However, small pulmonary nodules are often difficult to locate during VATS and are typically nonvisible and nonpalpable on the lung surface. A variety of localization techniques have been developed. Here, we explored the application of an intraoperative body surface localization (IOBSL) and/or anatomical landmark localization (ALL) in minimally invasive surgery for small pulmonary nodules. Methods: A total of 174 patients with small pulmonary nodules were divided into 3 groups: an IOBSL group, an ALL group, and an IOBSL+ALL group. VATS partial pneumonectomy was performed after the nodule localization, and the need for pulmonary segmentectomy/lobectomy and lymph node dissection was assessed according to the results of intraoperative rapid frozen section diagnosis. The duration, accuracy, and complications of each localization method were recorded and analyzed. Results: ALL had shorter distance to the nodules (P=0.0282) but longer localization duration (P<0.05) than did IOBSL. The IOBSL+ALL group had higher localization accuracy than did the other 2 groups (P=0.0003) but with longer localization duration (P<0.001). No intraoperative complications were noted. Conclusions: The intraoperative technique has high localization accuracy and a low complication rate. It can be applied in VATS for pulmonary nodules, depending on the specific locations of the nodules.