Chromatin Remodeling During Aging

GlossaryAberration Structural change of a chromosome produced by its break; new combinations of free ends may affect rejoining.Amplification A mechanism leading to multiple copies of a chromosomal region within a chromosome Arm. Arthritis Is an inflammation of the joints.Autoimmune diseases Is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.Cardio- and cerebrovascular ones Cardiovascular diseases, conditions of the heart and blood vessels.Chromatids The longitudinal subunits produced by chromosome replication and joined at the centromere.Chromatin (Chromosomes) Carriers of genes, the determinants of heredity. Self-reproductive nuclear structures containing DNA, DNA-bound histones and other proteins, RNA, lipids, Ca and Mg ions.Collagen Is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues.Endothelial cell Refers to cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.Enzymes Are macromolecular biological catalysts.Epithelial cell Are compact tissues comprising juxtaposed cells that function as mechanical and chemical barriers between the body and the environment.Ethanol Is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula C2H5OH.Fibroblasts Are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.Genes A region in a nucleic acid molecule. A gene-specific nucleotide sequence makes it a discrete unit of function. The gene may be altered by mutation.Genetics Is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.Genome A complete set of genes (DNA) contained by a haploid chromosome number. The genome is a genetic entity. H2O2 Is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2.Heterochromatin Intensely staining compact chromosome regions that are always present in both homologous chromosomes, throughout the cell cycle. Heterochromatin is generally genetically inert.Heterochromatinization Condensation of transcribable euchromatin regions of chromosome.Homocysteine Is a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid.Hormones Are any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior.Hydroxyurea Is an antimetabolite that is used in the treatment of cancer and to stimulate fetal hemoglobin production in sickle cell disease.Hyperoxia Occurs when cells, tissues and organs are exposed to an excess supply of oxygen (O-2) or higher than normal partial pressure of oxygen.Lymphocytes Is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.Lysosome Is a membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells and most plant cells.Melanocytes Are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea), the inner ear, vaginal epithelium, meninges, bones, and heart.Membranes Are a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. Such things may be molecules, ions, or other small particles.Mitochondria Is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.Mitomycin C Is a mitomycin that is used as a chemotherapeutic agent by virtue of its antitumor activity.Molecular Is a branch of biology that concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.Mutations Morphologically demonstrable chromosome and DNA alterations and functional alterations of genetic material.Nucleus Is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.Ontogenesis Is the origination and development of an organism, usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to the organism's mature form-although the term can be used to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism's lifespan. Peptide bioregulators The new class of geroprotectors.Phenotype Is the composite of the organism's observable characteristics or traits, including as its morphology or physical form and structure; its developmental processes; its biochemical and physiological properties.Physiology Is the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms which work within a living system.Premature aging Unnatural aging. For some individuals the symptoms of aging are more pronounced and arrive much earlier.Repair of DNA Recovery of the native structure of damaged DNA at the molecular level.Replication Is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.Rheumatism Is an umbrella term for conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints and/or connective tissue.SCE Sister chromatid exchange is the exchange of genetic material between two identical sister chromatids.Somatic mutation The occurrence of a mutation in the somatic tissue of an organism, resulting in a genetically mosaic individual.Stalk An acentric constriction (an unwound regions of a wound acrocentric chromosomal strand) which often contributes to the nucleolus formation.Stress Is the body's natural defense against predators and danger.Tert-butyl hydroperoxide Is an organic peroxide widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.Transcriptional Is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity.UV irradiation Electromagnetic radiation that has shorter wavelengths than visible light; used in chemical analytical techniques and antisepsis.